Vertical distribution of soil properties under short‐rotation forestry in Northern Germany

Short‐rotation forestry (SRF) on arable soils has high potentials for biomass production and leads to long‐term no‐tillage management. In the present study, the vertical distributions of soil chemical and microbial properties after 15 y of SRF with willows and poplar (Salix and Populus spp.) in 3‐ and 6‐year rotations on an arable soil were measured and compared to a pertinent tilled arable site. Two transects at different positions in the relief (upper and lower slope; transect 1 and 2) were investigated. Short‐rotation forestry caused significant changes in the vertical distribution of all investigated soil properties (organic and microbial C, total and microbial N, soil enzyme activities), however, the dimension and location (horizons) of significant effects varied. The rotation periods affected the vertical distribution of the soil properties within the SRF significantly. In transect 1, SRF had higher organic‐C concentrations in the subsoil (Bv horizon), whereas in transect 2, the organic‐C concentrations were increased predominantly in the topsoil (Ah horizon). Sufficient plant supply of P and K in combination with decreased concentrations of these elements in the subsoil under SRF pointed to an effective nutrient mobilization and transfer from the deeper soil horizons even in the long term. In transect 1, the microbial‐C concentrations were higher in the B and C horizons and in transect 2 in the A horizons under SRF than under arable use. The activities of β‐glucosidases and acid phosphatases in the soil were predominantly lower under SRF than under arable use in the topsoil and subsoil. We conclude, that long‐term SRF on arable sites can contribute to increased C sequestration and changes in the vertical distribution of soil microbial biomass and soil enzyme activities in the topsoil and also in the subsoil.     

2种坛紫菜品系栽培生长参数及CNP固定效率比较

以洞头海区养殖的"洞头本地菜"和"浙东1号"2种坛紫菜品系为研究材料,测定其不同收割期叶状体长度、干质量、CNP含量等参数,核算了S值、产量及CNP固定效率等指标。结果显示:随着收割期延长,2种坛紫菜品系的叶状体长度逐渐下降,单条叶状体干质量与S值逐渐增加,产量先升后降,CNP固定效率整体呈上升趋势。一水至四水"洞头本地菜"的单条叶状体长度、干质量均高于"浙东1号",二水至四水"洞头本地菜"的产量、CNP固定效率均高于"浙东1号",2种坛紫菜品系S值之间无明显差异。一水至四水"洞头本地菜"CNP总固定效率分别为900.74 kg/hm~2、110.16 kg/hm~2和14.16 kg/hm~2,"浙东1号"CNP总固定效率分别为683.34 kg/hm~2、84.3 kg/hm~2和10.75 kg/hm~2。上述指标在不同收割期均呈极显著差异(P0.01),在不同品系间均无显著差异(P0.05),研究结果有助于进一步认知坛紫菜养殖的生长性状与生态效益。     

Sediment‐bound nutrient export from micro‐dam catchments in Northern Ethiopia

The losses in soil nutrients (nitrogen (N), available phosphorus (P_av), organic carbon (OC), potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg)) in the catchment and the storage in the reservoir as a result of sediment delivery were assessed in 13 catchments/reservoirs in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. This specifically dealt with factors controlling the losses, the fertility status of the deposited sediment, the nutrient export (NE) rates and associated costs. Enrichment ratio (ER) values >1 were observed for the plant nutrients and the finer soil fractions. The high ER is associated with the preferential transport of nutrients bound to finer soil fractions and the parent material dissolution and its transport via runoff. However, the fertility status of the deposited sediment is not sufficient by itself to support a sustainable crop growth and hence external addition is necessary, mainly for N and P_av fertilizer. Generally, rates of NE were high. The high OC export on the other hand dictates the potential of reservoir sediments for OC sequestration. The cost price of loss of only N and P_av, eroded from the catchment slopes, was estimated at €34·2 million (Euros) in March 2006 for the Tigray. Pity enough, policy makers and beneficiaries do not realize the magnitude of the problem, which forms a major threat for the crop production in the country. Therefore, it is important not only to make the public aware of the problem but also of implementing integrated soil fertility management practices. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Carbon stocks in Ethiopian soils in relation to land use and soil management

The effect of soil management and land use change are of interest to the sustainable land management for improving the environment and advancing food security in developing countries. Both anthropogenic changes and natural processes affect agriculture primarily by altering soil quality. This paper reviews and synthesizes the available literatures related to the influence of soil management and land use changes on soil carbon (C) stock in Ethiopia. The review shows that topsoil C stock declines approximately 0–63%, 0–23%, and 17–83% upon land use conversion from forest to crop land, to open grazing, and to plantation, respectively. An increase of 1–3% in soil C stock was observed within 10 years of converting open grazed land to protected enclosures. However, there was a little change in soil C stock below 20 cm depth. There is a large potential of increasing SOC pool with adoption of land restorative measures. Total potential of soil C sequestration with the adoption of restoration measures ranges 0·066–2·2 Tg C y⁻¹ on rain‐fed cropland and 4·2–10·5 Tg C y⁻¹ on rangeland. Given large area and diverse ecological conditions in Ethiopia, research data available in published literature are rather scanty. Therefore, researchable priorities identified in this review are important. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Physical carbon‐sequestration mechanisms under special consideration of soil wettability

The protective impact of aggregation on microbial degradation through separation has been described frequently, especially for biotically formed aggregates. However, to date little information exists on the effects of organic‐matter (OM) quantity and OM quality on physical protection, i.e., reduced degradability by microorganisms caused by physical factors. In the present paper, we hypothesize that soil wettability, which is significantly influenced by OM, may act as a key factor for OM stabilization as it controls the microbial accessibility for water, nutrients, and oxygen in three‐phase systems like soil. Based on this hypothesis, the first objective is to evaluate new findings on the organization of organo‐mineral complexes at the nanoscale as one of the processes creating water‐repellent coatings on mineral surfaces. The second objective is to quantify the degree of alteration of coated surfaces with regard to water repellence. We introduce a recently developed trial that combines FTIR spectra with contact‐angle data as the link between chemical composition of OM and the physical wetting behavior of soil particles. In addition to characterizing the wetting properties of OM coatings, we discuss the implications of water‐repellent surfaces for different physical protection mechanisms of OM. For typical minerals, the OM loading on mineral surfaces is patchy, whereas OM forms nanoscaled micro‐aggregates together with metal oxides and hydroxides and with layered clay minerals. Such small aggregates may efficiently stabilize OM against microbial decomposition. However, despite the patchy structure of OM coating, we observed a relation between the chemical composition of OM and wettability. A higher hydrophobicity of the OM appears to stabilize the organic C in soil, either caused by a specific reduced biodegradability of OM or indirectly caused by increased aggregate stability. In partly saturated nonaggregated soil, the specific distribution of the pore water appears to further affect the mineralization of OM as a function of wettability. We conclude that the wettability of OM, quantified by the contact angle, links the chemical structure of OM with a bundle of physical soil properties and that reduced wettability results in the stabilization of OM in soils.     

西南喀斯特生态系统氮素循环特征及其固碳效应

评估生态系统氮状况对预测全球变化背景下生态系统的固碳潜力及生态演替的方向与进程均具有重要的意义。近年我们开展了比较系统的研究以回答二个关键科学问题,即氮是否限制喀斯特区植被恢复,以及喀斯特森林氮状况与邻近的非喀斯特森林相比有何差异?基于多尺度演替序列研究,发现退耕后喀斯特土壤总氮快速累积。氮的累积相应促进土壤有机碳快速累积,且有机碳累积的相对速率高于总氮累积的相对速率。恢复初期(草丛阶段)植被受氮限制,而在次生林阶段则表现出明显的氮饱和特征。基于土壤初级氮转化速率和胞外酶活性化学计量特征的证据表明氮饱和是喀斯特森林的独有特征,而邻近的非喀斯特森林普遍受氮限制。我们的研究意味着:1)西南喀斯特山区退耕后的生态恢复仅在早期受氮限制,而中后期则不受氮限制;2)充足的氮供应可保障生态恢复工程的固碳效应;3)喀斯特森林氮循环具有其独特性,在全球变化背景下,其响应与适应性也可能异于其他区域/类型森林。     

森林经营单位级碳储量动态变化研究——以广西热林中心为例

中国林业科学研究院热带林业实验中心从2008年开始进行人工林近自然经营,为了评价经营效果对森林固碳能力的影响,以热林中心2011年、2013年、2015年对238块系统抽样样地数据为基础,采用现有的生物量方程和碳转换系数乔木林碳储量进行估算。结果表明,乔木林碳储量由2011年的605826.95t增加到2015年的721847.04t,年平均增加29005.02t,碳密度由2011年的35.94t·hm^-2增加到2015年的42.34t·hm^-2,但仍小于全国和世界的平均数。针叶林碳储量高于阔叶林,由2011年的413753.07t增加至2015年的479611.05t,年均增加16464.50t,栎类的增长幅度最大,年均增长率64.00%,碳储量最大的树种是马尾松,占总碳储量的62.92%。证明近自然经营能够有效促进森林固碳能力。     

碳汇营林技术推广的认知基础测度与实证研究

基于文献回顾与理论假设,设计了一套用于测评农户对碳汇营林技术推广过程中内在认知基础的量表体系,并根据调研数据对该量表测度效果进行了实证检验。检验最终结果显示:在碳汇营林技术推广过程中,农户关于碳汇营林技术推广的交易成本与权利损失认知、农户关于碳汇营林技术推广的社会生态与经济收益认知、农户关于碳汇营林技术推广的组织参与认知等,都将对推广过程的实现度与满意度产生显著性影响。这一结果说明,本研究所提出的影响农户对碳汇营林技术推广的认知基础测度框架大体趋于合理并可以接受,这就为更进一步进行碳汇营林技术推广相关管理制度的设计与构建,提供了一个主观数据设置方面的实证支持。     

林业碳汇项目类型及开发策略分析

以项目为载体的林业碳汇作为重要交易标的,已经在国内外主要的碳交易市场体系中频繁出现。但是,由于不同碳市场产生的背景、主要目标及交易规则的差异,对参与交易的林业碳汇项目开发标准与具体要求不尽相同。合格的可交易林业碳汇在全球林业碳汇市场中所占份额依然很小,林业碳汇尚未发挥其应有的作用与潜力。文中在对国内外林业碳汇市场发展概况进行简要梳理并对目前主要林业碳汇项目类型及其特征进行比较分析的基础上,结合我国碳市场发展与森林经营特点,提出了我国林业碳汇的未来发展策略:一是立足国内,建立多元化林业碳汇市场;二是立足资源优势,重点发展森林经营碳汇项目;三是加强林业基础数据与信息化建设,降低林业碳汇项目交易成本;四是加强不同碳市场衔接与协同,并积极参与国际市场交易。     

广东省林业碳汇解析及提升潜力分析

森林经营在增强二氧化碳吸收方面具有重要作用,在全球气候变化背景下,本文阐述了《联 合国气候变化框架公约》中我国的履约目标,并评估了 2005 年和 2010 年广东省土地利用变化和林业领 域的固碳量。结果显示广东省 2005 年森林生物量生长碳吸收合计总量为 47.02×109 kg 二氧化碳当量,乔 木林固碳占总固碳量的 88.87%,采伐消耗温室气体排放 11.47×109 kg 二氧化碳当量,采伐消耗温室气 体排放二氧化碳当量占总排放量的 76.12%。2010 年固碳量增长 11.68%,采伐消耗温室气体排放增加了 19.85%。通过对比分析,探讨了广东省林业碳汇的提升潜力及方向。